Md. Shawkat Alam Faisal: The world bore witness to an undeniably poignant humanitarian calamity in the annals of 2017, wherein an extensive multitude of apprehensive Rohingya refugees found themselves forcibly uprooted from their homes in Myanmar, seeking sanctuary in the neighboring expanse of Bangladesh. Swiftly recognizing the unfolding tragedy, the United Nations promptly designated this dire situation as ‘ethnic cleansing.’
As we traverse six years hence, the crisis lingers, marked by a disconcerting dearth of palpable progress toward the essential goal of repatriation. At present, Bangladesh shoulders the formidable responsibility of hosting an overwhelming 1.2 million Rohingya refugees, and the once modest Kutupalong camp in Cox’s Bazar has burgeoned into the largest refugee encampment on a global scale.
Since the advent of this crisis in 2017, Bangladesh has exhibited a profound concern for financing the fundamental requisites of these displaced individuals, encompassing the elemental triad of sustenance: food, clothing, and shelter. The international community, cognizant of the severity of the Rohingya crisis, pledged unwavering support to Bangladesh through the implementation of the Joint Response Plan (JRP), skillfully administered by the Inter Sector Coordination Group (ISCG). Diligently, the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and the World Food Programme (WFP) have embarked on the arduous task of furnishing essential provisions to the Rohingya refugees—ranging from the basic necessities of sustenance to the critical components of shelter, fuel, and medical care. Notably, UNICEF has also undertaken the crucial role of contributing to educational assistance, thus weaving a comprehensive tapestry of support. The collaborative endeavors of approximately 150 humanitarian organizations have significantly ameliorated living conditions within the camps, assiduously addressing crucial aspects such as sanitation, access to clean water, and the provision of electricity facilities.
Yet, despite the commendable efforts of these organizations, the sheer magnitude of the crisis has engendered a palpable imbalance between the burgeoning Rohingya population and the expeditious pace of aid delivery. The funding shortfall, far from a mere concern, looms as a pressing issue, leaving myriad questions unanswered. The disconcerting figures from the ISCG unveil a scenario wherein, as of September, a mere 37 percent of the promised $875.9 million in aid for the year has materialized—a recurring pattern that echoes the inadequacies of previous years, rendering the provision of support for the continually expanding refugee population an ever more formidable task.
Compounding this intricate challenge is the unfortunate reality that international attention has gradually shifted away from the Rohingya crisis. The global focus has pivoted towards the exigencies of the COVID-19 pandemic, escalating conflicts in Europe, and the ever-evolving crisis in the Middle East. Consequently, the pursuit of fundamental human rights by the Rohingya has been relegated to the background, with their plight often eclipsed by more immediate global crises.
The unfulfilled commitments of donor countries have compelled humanitarian agencies to enact reductions in life-saving aid to the entire Rohingya population in Cox’s Bazar. Particularly noteworthy is the World Food Program’s regrettable necessity to decrease food vouchers to $8 per person per month since June, with anticipations of further reductions looming on the horizon.
This imminent reduction stands to exacerbate food insecurity and malnutrition within the Rohingya camps, escalating the desperation of the refugees. The potential consequence is an increased likelihood of refugees seeking employment beyond the confines of the camps, embarking on perilous journeys and jeopardizing their lives. As desperation deepens, the security situation within the Rohingya camps undergoes a concerning deterioration, evidenced by reports of murders, kidnappings, shootings, and drug smuggling—a disquieting frequency that poses a grave threat to the overall security of Bangladesh. The situation, marked by its disheartening and dire nature, beckons for immediate attention and intervention.
Moreover, the financial burden on Bangladesh has surged, entailing an annual expenditure of $175 million on the Rohingya crisis. As foreign aid diminishes, this burden becomes increasingly onerous, straining the nation’s limited resources and diminishing its capacity to address other pressing domestic issues.
The environmental repercussions on Cox’s Bazar have been nothing short of catastrophic. The establishment of the refugee camp, while serving as a haven for the displaced, concurrently led to the irrevocable destruction of 6,800 acres of protected forest. This environmental upheaval has inflicted a profound and lasting impact on the region’s biodiversity, transforming the once pristine Cox’s Bazar, celebrated for its natural beauty, into a landscape irrevocably scarred by the presence of the world’s largest refugee camp.
In pursuit of a resolution to the Rohingya crisis, Bangladesh’s diplomatic circles have consistently underscored repatriation as the ultimate panacea. Though an agreement was signed in 2017 to facilitate repatriation, the stark reality remains that not a single displaced Rohingya has managed to return to their homes in Myanmar. The repatriation quandary has reached a stalemate, further complicating the situation in Cox’s Bazar.
Furthermore, the International Court of Justice has exhibited a reluctance to adopt a robust stance against Myanmar for its actions, thereby leaving the Rohingya without the justice they so rightfully deserve.
Undeterred, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh has steadfastly called for the implementation of UN Security Council and General Assembly resolutions, envisioning a sustainable solution to the Rohingya crisis. Concurrently, she has implored the global community, with a specific appeal to ASEAN member countries, to unite their collective efforts to effect the repatriation of the Rohingya to their homeland, Myanmar.
The government of Bangladesh stands at a critical juncture, compelled to elucidate its policies and intensify multi-dimensional efforts to address this multifaceted crisis effectively. The imperative to act promptly is underscored by the realization that the Rohingya crisis not only constitutes a humanitarian challenge but also portends a looming threat to the security and sustainability of Bangladesh. The situation necessitates concerted efforts from the international community, coupled with an astute recognition of the crisis’s inherent complexity, and an urgent commitment to finding a resolution that ardently upholds the rights and dignity of the Rohingya refugees.
Md. Shawkat Alam Faisal is an LL.B (Hons.) Graduate and LL.M (International Law) Candidate at the Department of Law, University of Rajshahi.
